in the large city of Milan the apothecaries' system based on a pound of 326.8 g was officially replaced by the metric system as early as 1803, because Milan was part of the Napoleonic Italian Republic. Poland and Sweden had their own variants of the standard, which differed from each other by 0.6%. In 1815, Nuremberg lost its status as a free city and became part of Bavaria. Even so, the modern U.K. fluid ounce is 4% less than the US fluid ounce, and the same is true for the smaller units. [37], The measure and weight systems for the large mainland part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies were unified in 1840. The range from 25 g to 31 g is filled with numerous variants, especially the Italian range up to 28 g. But there is a relatively large gap between the troy ounces of 31 g and the Habsburg ounce of 35 g. The latter is the product of an 18th-century weight reform. Extreme cases were Rome and Genoa, where the same system was used for everything, including medicine. IX), Teaspoonful — ƒʒ j (5 mL)(once codified in the U.S.P. The set is now shown in the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris. [74], To unify all weight systems used by apothecaries, the Irish pharmacopœia of 1850 introduced a new variant of the apothecaries' system which subdivided a new apothecaries' pound of 12 avoirdupois ounces instead of the troy pound. What are synonyms for apothecary? ​3⁄4 of the civil pound: 350.78 g.[49][66][68][69] This reform was not popular with apothecaries, because it broke the uniformity of the apothecaries' pound in Germany at a time when a German national state was beginning to form. It was the most excentric variant in that the ounce was divided in 10 drachms, rather than the usual 8. Gesetz, betreffend die Einführung des allgemeinen Landesgewichts in den Hohenzollernschen Landen. "[31], Apothecaries' measures eventually fell out of use in the U.K. and were officially abolished in 1971. From the pound down to the scruple, the English apothecaries' system was a subset of the Roman weight system except that the troy pound and its subdivisions were slightly heavier than the Roman pound and its subdivisions. This innovation was first used in the united British pharmacopœia of 1864. Apothecaries' weight definition, a system of weights used chiefly in compounding and dispensing drugs: 20 grains = 1 scruple (℈); 3 scruples = 1 dram (dr); 8 drams = 1 ounce); 12 ounces = 1 pound. The British troy pound retained its value of 373.202 g until in 2000 it was legally defined in metric terms, as 373.2417216 g.[40] (At this time its use was mainly confined to trading precious metals. apothecary (plural apothecaries) 1. A pharmacist is a health care professional who cooperates with, consults with, and sometimes advises the licensed practitioner concerning drugs. In the apothecary system, the basic measurement of weight is the grain (gr). [9] In the 1540s, the first pharmacopoeia in the modern sense was also printed there. As a result of the Congress of Vienna these became part of various German states. The British apothecaries' system was based on the troy pound until metrication, and it survived in the United States and Australia well into the 20th century. Antonyms for apothecary. apothecary (n.). Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. apothecary definition: 1. a person who in the past made and sold medicines 2. a person who in the past made and sold…. März 1860. For a long time, medical recipes were written in Latin, often using special symbols to denote weights and measures. (noun) Dictionary ! A system of weights used especially by pharmacists. ... Apothecaries' weight: the system of weights by which medical prescriptions were formerly compounded. Apothecaries' system; apothecaries' unit; apothecaries' weight; ... apothecary rose; apothecary roses; apothecary shop; apothecary vase; apothecary's; apothecary in English translation and definition "apothecary", Dictionary English-English online. For a long time, medical recipes were written in Latin, often using special symbols to denote weights and measures. n. A system of weights used in pharmacy and based on an ounce equal to 480 grains and a pound equal to 12 ounces. The good apothecary appeared a little puzzled. https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/apothecaries%27+system, a system used for measuring and weighing drugs and solutions, brought to the United States from England during the colonial period; it has now been replaced by the, Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary, the webmaster's page for free fun content, apparent leg length discrepancy measurement test. The apothecary system is a system that was created in old England to measure weight and length. Apothecaries' system The apothecaries' system of weights is a historical system of mass units that were used by physicians and apothecaries for medical recipes, and also sometimes by scientists. ), The Dutch troy mark consisted [55] of 8 Flemish troy ounces, with each ounce of 20 engels, and each engel divided into 32 assen. To be exact, the states in question were: "Im Preußischen ist der Unterschied zwischen Civil- und Medicinalgewicht durch eine Verordnung vom 16. The Avoirdupois system is a system of weight measurement only. [41], The Sicilian apothecaries' ounce was divided in 10 drachms. The modern chemist (also known as a pharmacist in American English) has taken over this role. It was also used in international communications between scientists. chained_bear commented on the word apothecary. Most people chose this as the best definition of apothecaries-measure: A system of liquid volume... See the dictionary meaning, pronunciation, and sentence examples. As can be seen from the table, it was also different from the Roman weight system used by Galenus and Dioscorides and from all modern apothecaries' systems: The ounce was divided into 9 drachms, rather than 8 drachms. [60][61] Under the name Nuremberg pharmaceutical weight (German: Nürnberger Medizinalgewicht) it would become the standard for most of the north-east of Europe. [...] §8. O true Appothecari… When Austria started producing scales and weight pieces to the new standard with an excellent quality/price ratio, these were occasionally used by German apothecaries as well. (Pharmacology) an archaic word for pharmacist 2. Apothecaries' weight definition, a system of weights used chiefly in compounding and dispensing drugs: 20 grains = 1 scruple (℈); 3 scruples = 1 dram (dr); 8 drams = 1 ounce); 12 ounces = 1 pound. The grain, ounce, and pound are the same as in troy weight, the grain alone being the same as in avoirdupois weight. In the USA, the metric system replaced the apothecaries' system in the United States Pharmacopeia of 1971. See notes on grossarii (thence cubebs) and grocer and spicer and unguent for more. chained_bear commented on the word apothecary. The English version of the system is closely related with the English troy system of weights, the pound and grain being exactly the same in both. 0. [38], With the beginning of metrication, some countries standardized their apothecaries' pound to an easily remembered multiple of the French gramme. But it would have doubled the value of the avoirdupois drachm (an existing unit, but by then only used for weighing silk). What does apothecaries' system mean? 5 synonyms for apothecary: druggist, pharmacist, pill pusher, pill roller, chemist. It has two divisions of measurement: weight and volume. There is evidence from the 15th century that the troy pound was used for weighing metals and spices. See notes on grossarii (thence cubebs) and grocer and spicer and unguent for more. [37][51], The apothecaries' pound in Venice had exactly the same subdivisions as those in the non-Romance countries, but its total weight of 301 g was at the bottom of the range. In the 1970's, the United States practically abolished this system but some still use it. E.g. The apothecaries' new pound was 375.00 g. Apart from rounding issues concerning the subdivisions, this corresponded exactly to the French système usuel. [53] The total nominal value of the set is 50 marcs de Troyes or marcs de Paris, a mark being 8 ounces. Galen and Dioscorides (who had used the Graeco-Roman weight system) were among the most important authorities, but also Arabic physicians, whose works were systematically translated into Latin. In Bruges, Amsterdam, Antwerpen and other Flemish cities, a "troy" unit ("trooisch pond") was also in use as a standard for valuable materials and medicine. What does APOTHECARY mean? [...] At present the two systems are in use with the apothecary, for his purchases are made in avoirdupois, and his sales generally, though not always, in Troy weight. ; Belladon Belladonna (usually available as a tincture "Tr.") The basic form of the apothecaries' system is essentially a subset of the Roman weight system. One method for doing this consists in weighing old coins; another uses the fact that Roman weight units were derived from Roman units of length similarly to the way the kilogramme was originally derived from the metre, i.e. The ounce poids de marc had therefore a metric equivalent of 30.59 g.[54] The poids de marc was used as a national French standard for trading, for gold, silver and jewels, and for weighing medicine. Similar systems were used all over Europe, but with considerable local variation described below under Variants.[15]. In 1555, a weight standard for the apothecaries' pound of 12 ounces was set in Nuremberg. a German handbook of medicine prescription from 1835 when describing the English system mentioned that no such system was in current use in Germany: "Von Maassen ist in Deutschland gegenwärtig [...] fast nur noch das Quart [...] gebräuchlich.". "The medieval spice merchant or apothecary seems to have handled several kinds of products whose relation to each other is not all that clear: edible spices, medicine, sweets (including medicinal preparations but also … The existence of a unit called aureo, the equivalent of 1​1⁄2 dramme, is interesting because 6 aurei were 9 dramme. [33], The use of Latin ensured that the recipes could be read by an international audience. Medical Definition of apothecaries' measure : a system of liquid units of measure used in compounding medical prescriptions that include the gallon, pint, fluid ounce, fluid dram, and minim Comments on apothecaries' measure What made you … Ein von dem Handelsgewichte abweichendes Medizinalgewicht findet ferner nicht statt. It seems that many apothecaries did not follow this reduction by 2%. The history of mediaeval medicine started roughly around the year 1000 with the school of medicine in Salerno, which combined elements of Latin, Greek, Arabic and Jewish medicine. ", "Die deutschen Schriftsteller bedienen sich bei dem Mangel allgemeiner deutscher Maße meistens der Altfranzösischen, des Apothekergewichts, der metrischen Maße und Gewichte, die preußischen am allgemeinsten, die Baiern nicht selten der in ihren Staaten eingeführten. The weight of an apothecaries' pound was 345.1 g in Spain and 344.2 g in Portugal. In 1811, Bavaria legally defined the apothecaries' pound as 360.00 g (an ounce of 30.00 g). (For background information, see History of Italy during foreign domination and the unification.) The English-speaking countries also used a system of units of fluid measure, or in modern terminology volume units, based on the apothecaries' system. You just clipped your first slide! "Par ailleurs, une unité de poids, le marc de Troyes, apparaît en 1147. It was also the standard for Denmark, Norway, the Russian Empire and most cantons of Switzerland. In France, at some stage the apothecaries' pound of 12 ounces was replaced by the larger civil pound of 16 ounces. This explains why the number of fluid ounces per gallon had to be adjusted in the new system so that the fluid ounce was not changed too much by the reform. Griech. Write it here to share it with the entire community. 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